Percutaneous fetal balloon valvuloplasty for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

2.1.1 Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect and include critical pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAIVS). In pulmonary atresia the pulmonary valve orifice is completely closed, thereby obstructing the outflow of blood from the heart to the lungs. Before birth oxygenated blood can still reach the systemic circulation by passing through the foramen ovale and any ventricular septal defect (VSD) to the left side of the heart. After birth the foramen ovale, VSD and ductus arteriosus must remain open to allow blood to pass to the lungs to become oxygenated. In PAIVS the absence of blood flow at ventricular level can result in severe hypoxia soon after birth if the flow through the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are not maintained.

2.1.2 PAIVS is associated with underdevelopment of the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle but relatively normal growth of the pulmonary vessels and vascular bed. About 3% of fetuses with PAIVS will die in utero from hydrops. Severe cases of PAIVS are rare but carry a high rate of postnatal morbidity and mortality.

2.1.3 Many fetuses diagnosed with PAIVS will survive until birth, and treatment is then possible. About 50% of children with PAIVS have a functional biventricular heart, and overall survival from birth to 5 years is about 85%. Given the complex staged open cardiac surgery that some infants and children will require, some parents will request termination of pregnancy.

2.1.4 For babies born with PAIVS a staged approach to treatment is undertaken. Postnatal balloon valvuloplasty is the preferred option initially to encourage remodelling and growth of the right ventricle. Further balloon valvuloplasty is often required with later valve replacement. If balloon valvuloplasty is unsuccessful then open cardiac surgical options are available.

2.1.5 The aim of fetal pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty is to prevent progressive damage to the ventricular muscle in utero, the development of hydrops and subsequent fetal death. This may also allow a greater chance of surgical success postnatally along with the preservation of a biventricular heart.

2.1.6 Fetal pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty may be considered where there is a high risk of deterioration before delivery, with an increased likelihood of postnatal mortality or morbidity. Improvements in fetal imaging have assisted in the identification of suitable cases.

2.2.1 Fetal pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty is performed at 21 to 32 weeks' gestation under maternal local anaesthesia and sedation, by inserting a needle through the mother's abdominal wall into the uterine cavity under ultrasound guidance. Fetal analgesic is then injected before advancing the needle through the fetal chest wall into the right ventricular infundibulum of the fetus. A guidewire is inserted through the needle and across the pulmonary valve. A balloon catheter is inserted and then inflated to dilate the stenotic valve. The catheter and needle are then withdrawn.

2.2.2 Fetal positioning is critical for success of the procedure.

2.3.1 There is limited published evidence on this procedure. The total number of reported cases in the published literature is less than 10 and the patients were highly selected and heterogeneous. The largest series reports on the outcomes of five fetuses following fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty. Technical success was achieved in three fetuses, with some improvements in fetal haemodynamics. All three children survived to have postnatal surgery and were alive at 2, 3 and 4.5 years, respectively. The 2 fetuses in whom the procedure failed were both delivered: one had surgery after birth, but both died in the newborn period. For more details, refer to the sources of evidence section.

2.3.2 None of the studies specifically reported on maternal outcomes.

2.3.3 The Specialist Advisors noted the lack of data on this procedure and the difficulty in basing judgements about efficacy purely on survival, when the condition is rare and patients are carefully selected for this procedure. Specialist Advisors also noted that the criteria for case selection are not yet clear.

2.4.1 There is limited published evidence on this procedure. In one report of 2 fetuses, both had pericardial effusions that resolved spontaneously. There was also one instance of transient pericardial effusion in a report of 5 fetuses.

2.4.2 None of the studies specifically reported on maternal outcomes. For more details, refer to the sources of evidence section.

2.4.3 The Specialist Advisors listed fetal death, bleeding, bradycardia, pericardial effusion and balloon rupture as potential complications. They also noted that there was a risk of premature labour and possible maternal morbidity associated with the use of anaesthesia.