The PediGuard for placing pedicle screws in spinal surgery

For the clinical evidence

Embase 1980 to 2014 Week 46, Ovid MEDLINE(R) In‑Process & Other Non‑Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present; searched 19 November 2014.

1. pediguard.mp.

2. Electric Conductivity/ or Electric Impedance/

3. Monitoring, Intraoperative/is, mt [Instrumentation, Methods]

4. 2 and 3

5. device.mp. or "Equipment and Supplies"/

6. tool.mp.

7. 5 or 6

8. 4 and 7

9. pedicle screw?.mp.

10. placement.mp.

11. insertion.mp.

12. probe.mp.

13. 10 or 11 or 12

14. 9 and 13

15. 1 or 8 or 14

16. Spinal Fusion/is [Instrumentation]

17. Spinal Diseases/su [Surgery]

18. Spinal Fractures/su [Surgery]

19. 16 or 17 or 18

20. 15 and 19

21. limit 20 to (English language and humans and yr="2003 ‑ Current")

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effect (DARE) were searched on19th November 2014 using the following keywords:

For the economic evidence

Embase 1980 to 2014 Week 47, Ovid MEDLINE(R) In‑Process & Other Non‑Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present; Searched on 26 November 2014.

1. pediguard.mp.

2. Electric Conductivity/ or Electric Impedance/

3. Monitoring, Intraoperative/is, mt [Instrumentation, Methods]

4. 2 and 3

5. device.mp. or "Equipment and Supplies"/

6. tool.mp.

7. 5 or 6

8. 4 and 7

9. pedicle screw?.mp.

10. placement.mp.

11. insertion.mp.

12. probe.mp.

13. 10 or 11 or 12

14. 9 and 13

15. 1 or 8 or 14

16. Spinal Fusion/is [Instrumentation]

17. Spinal Diseases/su [Surgery]

18. Spinal Fractures/su [Surgery]

19. 16 or 17 or 18

20. cost*.mp.

21. economic*.mp.

22. 20 or 21

23. 15 and 19 and 22

24. limit 23 to English language

25. limit 24 to yr="2003 ‑Current"

26. limit 25 to humans

27. remove duplicates from 26

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Issue 11 of 12, November 2014; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials: Issue 10 of 12, October 2014; Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effect: Issue 4 of 4, October 2014; Health Technology Assessment Database: Issue 4 of 4, October 2014; NHS Economic Evaluation Database: Issue 4 of 4, October 2014.

1. Pediguard

2. Pedicle screw placement

3. 1 or 2

4. Spinal surgery

5. 3 and 4

6. cost*

7 economic*

8. 6 or 7

9. 5 and 8 (published 2003 to 2014)

For the clinical evidence

For the economic evidence

Exclusion criteria: case studies, editorials, letters, reviews, conference proceedings/abstracts, animal studies, non‑English language studies, not using PediGuard.