Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to aid opportunistic detection of vertebral fragility fractures: early value assessment

The technologies included in this early value assessment use artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to assist the opportunistic detection of vertebral fragility fractures (VFFs) on X-ray images and CT scans involving the spine. They are intended to be used as decision aids for healthcare professionals interpreting the X‑ray or CT scan.

Some companies provide the software directly, whereas others provide it through multivendor platforms. The technologies use X‑ray or CT scans in digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format, which are stored on the hospital's picture archiving and communications system (PACS).

Different technologies report and display results in different ways including as annotated images within PACS Viewers, DICOM Secondary Captures or through standalone applications. Some also have notifications or summary reports. The technologies included in this assessment are shown in table 1.

Some of the technologies have additional functionalities, such as vertebral labelling, bone mass density assessment, prioritisation tools or the ability to detect other pathologies. This early value assessment has assessed the clinical and cost effectiveness of the technologies only for the opportunistic detection of VFFs.