Guidance
2 The procedure
2 The procedure
2.1 Indications and current treatments
2.1.1 The evidence on which this guidance was based is derived from treatment of breast cancer in women. Treatment depends on pathology, stage and grade. Surgery is usually the first option and may involve removing all (mastectomy) or local excision of the breast. To reduce the risk of recurrence, adjuvant chemotherapy, hormone therapy and/or radiotherapy can be used.
2.2 Outline of the procedure
2.2.1 Brachytherapy can be delivered by an interstitial or a balloon technique under local or general anaesthesia. The aim is to reduce local recurrence. In interstitial brachytherapy, a number of catheters are inserted into the breast tissue surrounding the excised tumour bed. Wires incorporating radioactive implants are inserted through the catheters and left in place for a few minutes (high dose rate) or a few days (low dose rate). In balloon brachytherapy, a balloon device attached to a catheter is inserted through a small incision, into the excised tumour bed, and the balloon is inflated with the aim of coming into close contact with the surrounding breast tissue. The catheter is connected to a computer-controlled high dose rate radiotherapy machine which inserts a radioactive source. Balloon brachytherapy requires a number of treatment sessions over several days. After each session the radioactive source is removed and the catheter disconnected.
Sections 2.3 and 2.4 describe efficacy and safety outcomes which were available in the published literature and which the Committee considered as part of the evidence about this procedure. For more details, refer to the Sources of evidence.
2.3 Efficacy
2.3.1 In a randomised controlled trial of 258 patients treated with interstitial brachytherapy or whole-breast external beam radiotherapy, 5-year actuarial local recurrence rates were 5% (6/128) and 3% (4/130), respectively (p = 0.50). There were no statistically significant differences in 5-year overall (95% versus 92%) or cancer-specific survival (98% versus 96%) (absolute numbers not given).
2.3.2 A non-randomised controlled trial of 398 patients treated with interstitial brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy reported no statistically significant difference in 5-year actuarial rates of ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence between the two groups (1% in both, p = 0.65). Five-year overall actuarial survival rates were 87% in the interstitial brachytherapy and 93% in the external beam radiotherapy groups, respectively (p = 0.23). A second non-randomised controlled trial of 144 patients reported local or regional recurrence in 8% (4/51) in the brachytherapy group compared with 5% (5/94) in the external beam radiotherapy group after median follow-up of 75 months (p = 0.23). Disease-free survival at median follow-up of 75 months was 88% in the brachytherapy group and 92% in the external beam radiotherapy group (p value not stated; absolute numbers not given).
2.3.3 A case series of 1440 patients treated with balloon brachytherapy reported a 3-year actuarial survival rate of 96% in 400 of these patients. The 3-year actuarial rate of ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence was 2%.
2.3.4 The Specialist Advisers considered key efficacy outcomes to include local and regional recurrence rates, cancer-specific mortality, cosmetic outcome and quality-of-life outcomes.
2.4 Safety
2.4.1 In a case series of 103 patients, 17% of 75 patients treated with interstitial brachytherapy developed grade 1 and 5% developed higher grades of skin erythema, compared with 43% and 0%, respectively, of 28 patients treated with balloon brachytherapy (p = 0.01 and 0.06, respectively). In this study, subcutaneous fibrosis occurred in 32% of patients treated with interstitial brachytherapy and 11% of patients treated with balloon brachytherapy (p = 0.04). There was no statistically significant difference in symptomatic fat necrosis (12% for interstitial brachytherapy and 7% for balloon brachytherapy, p = 0.73) (absolute numbers not given).
2.4.2 Complications of interstitial and balloon brachytherapy included: fat necrosis in 2% (22/1449) to 16% (8/50); symptomatic seromas in 10% (8/80) and 11% (153/1449); fibrosis in 10% (5/50) and 19% (53/274); telangiectasia in 2% (1/50) and 13% (35/274); breast pain in 3% (3/89) and 7% (20/274); and infection in 3% (9/274), 8% (92/1140) and 9% (4/43) of patients. A case series of 70 patients reported two severe infections (one mastitis and one abscess).
2.4.3 The Specialist Advisers considered adverse events to include erythema, infections, seroma formation, breast fibrosis, fat necrosis, skin telangiectasias, breast pain, oedema and hyperpigmentation.