Laparoscopic hysterectomy (including laparoscopic total hysterectomy and laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy) for endometrial cancer

2.1 Indications and current treatments

2.1.1 The uterus is the fourth most common site of malignancy among women in the UK, and endometrial cancer is the most common type of uterine cancer. The predominant symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially in postmenopausal women.

2.1.2 The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) system is used to stage endometrial cancer from stage I (cancer confined to the uterus) to stage IV (cancer that has spread to another body organ).

2.1.3 Endometrial cancer is usually treated by total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Radiotherapy, hormone therapy and chemotherapy may also be used.

2.2 Outline of the procedure

2.2.1 The aim of a laparoscopic approach to hysterectomy is to provide a treatment option with smaller incisions and scars, shorter hospital stay and shorter recovery period than for open surgery.

2.2.2 Laparoscopic hysterectomy is usually carried out with the patient under general anaesthesia. Several small incisions provide access for the laparoscope and surgical instruments. The abdomen is insufflated with carbon dioxide. The uterus, supporting ligaments and the upper vagina are removed. Sometimes, the pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes are also removed. The uterus is removed vaginally. The other tissues can be removed vaginally or through the abdominal incisions.

2.3 Efficacy

2.3.1 In a meta-analysis, 3 randomised-controlled trials (RCTs) including a total of 359 patients treated by laparoscopic hysterectomy or by abdominal hysterectomy reported overall survival rates of 92% (169/184) and 88% (154/175) respectively (p = 0.976) and disease-free survival rates of 88% (161/184) and 88% (154/175) respectively (p = 0.986) at follow-up of a maximum of 36 months.

2.3.2 A non-randomised comparative study of 309 patients reported 5-year overall survival rates of 98% both for patients treated by laparoscopic (n = 165) and abdominal (n = 144) hysterectomy. The 5-year progression-free survival rate was 96% for patients after laparoscopic hysterectomy and 97% for patients after abdominal hysterectomy (p = 0.74).

2.3.3 Hospital stay after laparoscopic hysterectomy was significantly shorter than after abdominal hysterectomy in the RCTs of 159 and 122 patients (2 days vs 5 days, p < 0.01; 8 days vs 11 days, p = 0.001 respectively). The proportion of patients staying in hospital for more than 2 days was significantly higher after abdominal hysterectomy compared with laparoscopic hysterectomy (94% vs 52%, p < 0.0001) in the RCT of 2616 patients.

2.3.4 The Specialist Advisers listed key efficacy outcomes as overall survival, recurrence rate, quality of life, operative time and length of hospital stay.

2.4 Safety

2.4.1 Rates of conversion to laparotomy were reported as 26% (434/1682), 0% (0/81), 8% (5/63), 5% (10/188), 5% (11/226) and 5% (4/73) among patients treated by laparoscopic hysterectomy in RCTs of 2616,159 and 122 patients, and non-randomised comparative studies of 309, 510 and 169 patients respectively.

2.4.2 The RCT of 2616 patients treated by laparoscopic or abdominal hysterectomy reported no significant difference in the rate of intraoperative complications (10% [160/1682] vs 8% [69/909], p = 0.106) but significantly fewer postoperative complications after laparoscopic compared with abdominal hysterectomy (14% [240/1682] vs 21% [191/909], p < 0.001).

2.4.3 The meta-analysis including a total of 498 patients reported no significant difference in the rate of intraoperative complications for patients treated by laparoscopic compared with abdominal hysterectomy (8% [14/169] vs 12% [19/162], p = 0.39). Significantly fewer postoperative complications were reported associated with laparoscopic compared with abdominal hysterectomy in the same study (17% [27/158] vs 32% [50/155], p = 0.007).

2.4.4 The RCT of 2616 patients and the non-randomised comparative study of 309 patients reported intraoperative complications of bowel injury (2% [37/1682] and less than 1% [1/165]), vascular injury (4% [75/1682] and 1% [2/165]), bladder injury (1% [21/1682 and 2/165]) and ureter injury (less than 1% [14/1682 and 1/165]) among patients treated by laparoscopic hysterectomy.

2.4.5 In the non-randomised comparative study of 309 patients treated by laparoscopic or abdominal hysterectomy, intra-abdominal abscess was reported in 2% (4/165) and 6% (8/144) of patients respectively.

2.4.6 The RCT of 84 patients reported port-site recurrence in 1 of 40 patients treated by laparoscopic hysterectomy after a median 79-month follow-up.

2.4.7 The non-randomised comparative study of 309 patients treated by laparoscopic or abdominal hysterectomy reported bladder dysfunction in 1 patient in each group (1/165 and 1/144 respectively).

2.4.8 The Specialist Advisers listed adverse events reported in the literature as conversion to open surgery, damage to abdominal or pelvic structures, respiratory difficulties, port-site herniation and port-site metastasis. They reported dehiscence of the vaginal vault after laparoscopic suturing as an anecdotal adverse event.