Chronic kidney disease: assessment and management

Creatinine-based estimate of eGFR – existing calculations: In adults, children and young people from black, Asian and other minority ethnic groups with chronic kidney disease (CKD) living in the UK, which existing eGFR calculations are the most accurate?

Risk assessment, referral criteria and shared care: What is the association between risk factors and CKD outcomes in children and young people?

Risk assessment, referral criteria and shared care: What is the accuracy of the 4-variable Kidney Failure Risk Equation in children and young people living in the UK?

Frequency of review: What is the most clinical and cost-effective frequency of review for children and young people with CKD?

Managing anaemia: For adults, children and young people with CKD and anaemia, what is the diagnostic accuracy of eGFR thresholds of 60, 45, and 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 for determining whether the anaemia is due to CKD?

Managing anaemia: For adults, children and young people with CKD and anaemia who are on peritoneal dialysis, what amount of intravenous (IV) iron is most clinically and cost effective in managing anaemia and its associated outcomes (including quality of life)?

Managing anaemia: What are the long-term consequences of high ferritin levels (above 800 micrograms/litre) in children and young people with CKD?

Phosphate binders: Which binders are the most clinically and cost effective in controlling serum phosphate in adults, children and young people with stage 4 or 5 CKD who are not on dialysis?

Phosphate binders: In adults with stage 4 or 5 CKD, including those on dialysis, what is the clinical and cost effectiveness and safety of long-term calcium acetate combined with magnesium carbonate for controlling serum phosphate?

Self-management of CKD: Does the provision of educational and supportive interventions to people with CKD by healthcare professionals increase the person's skills and confidence in managing their conditions and improve clinical outcomes?

Antiplatelet therapy: For people with CKD at the highest risk of cardiovascular disease, what is the clinical effectiveness of low-dose aspirin compared with placebo for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?

Creatinine-based estimate of eGFR – improving accuracy of calculations: In adults, children and young people from black, Asian and other minority ethnic groups with CKD living in the UK, what biomarkers or factors, other than ethnicity, improve the diagnostic accuracy of eGFR calculations?

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system antagonists: For people aged over 75 years with CKD, what is the clinical effectiveness of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonists? [2014]

Vitamin D supplements in the management of CKD–mineral and bone disorders: In people with hyperparathyroidism secondary to CKD, does treatment with vitamin D or vitamin D analogues improve patient-related outcomes?

Management of anaemia of CKD with concurrent illness: What is the optimal management (in terms of clinical and cost effectiveness) of anaemia of CKD in people who are receiving erythropoietic stimulating agents (ESAs) and have a significant concurrent acute infectious illness?

Treatment of ESA resistance in people on haemodialysis: What is the most effective type of intervention to treat people on haemodialysis with ESA‑resistant anaemia?

Risk assessment for black, Asian and minority ethnic groups: What is the accuracy of the 4-variable Kidney Failure Risk Equation in adults, children and young people with CKD from black, Asian and minority ethnic groups living in the UK?

Managing anaemia – optimal Hb levels for children and young people: What is the efficacy and safety of different aspirational haemoglobin (Hb) targets for children and young people with CKD undergoing treatment for anaemia?

Hyperphosphatemia in people with CKD stage 4 or 5: What are people with CKD and their family members and carers views and beliefs about taking oral phosphate binders?

Cystatin-C equations: What is the diagnostic accuracy of cystatin-C equations to estimate GFR as a measurement of kidney function in adults, young people and children in the UK?

Investigations for proteinuria: In children and young people, what is the accuracy of reagent strips for detecting albumin in urine?

Investigations for proteinuria: What is the effect of measuring proteinuria with albumin:creatinine ratio compared with protein:creatinine ratio on the timing of treatment changes in children and young people with CKD? [2021]

Frequency of monitoring: For adults, children and young people with CKD, what is the optimal monitoring frequency for albumin:creatinine ratio?