Literature search strategy

Databases	Date searched	Version/files	No. retrieved
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – CDSR (Cochrane Library)	07/07/2021	Issue 7 of 12, July 2021	R: 2 P: 0
Cochrane Central Database of Controlled Trials – CENTRAL (Cochrane Library)	07/07/2021	Issue 7 of 12, July 2021	11
International HTA database (INAHTA)	07/07/2021	-	0
MEDLINE (Ovid)	07/07/2021	1946 to July 06, 2021	21
MEDLINE In-Process (Ovid)	07/07/2021	1946 to July 06, 2021	7
MEDLINE Epubs ahead of print (Ovid)	07/07/2021	July 06, 2021	14
EMBASE (Ovid)	07/07/2021	1974 to 2021 July 06	76

The following search strategy was used to identify papers in MEDLINE. A similar strategy was used to identify papers in other databases.

MEDLINE search strategy

The MEDLINE search strategy was translated for use in the other sources.

1 Chronic Pain/ (15325)

2 ((chronic or prolong* or persist* or mechanical or severe or nociceptive or refractory or disabling) adj4 pain*).tw. (94399)

3 (CLBP or CMLBP or NSLBP).tw. (1408)

4 Low Back Pain/ (22279)

5 (back adj4 (pain* or ache* or aching)).tw. (43081)

6 (low* adj4 (back pain* or back ache* or backache*)).tw. (25260)

7 lumbago.tw. (1254)

8 Intervertebral Disk Displacement/ (18840)

9 ((slipped or hernia* or prolaps*) adj4 (disc* or disk*)).tw. (12375)

10 ((discogenic* or diskogenic*) adj4 pain*).tw. (853)

11 Sciatica/ (5019)

12 sciatica*.tw. (3939)

13 Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/ (5448)

14 (intervertebr* adj4 (disc* or disk*) adj4 degenerat*).tw. (2905)

15 (radicular adj4 pain*).tw. (2683)

16 Radiculopathy/ (5206)

17 (lumbar adj4 radiculopath*).tw. (763)

18 (nerve root* adj4 (pain* or avulsion or compress* or disorder* or pinch* or inflam* or imping* or irritat* or entrap* or trap*)).tw. (2504)

19 Muscle Strength/ (20518)

20 (Arthrogenic adj4 muscle* adj4 inhibition*).tw. (34)

21 or/1-20 (181565)

22 Lumbosacral region/ (12639)

23 Paraspinal Muscles/ (1013)

24 (lumbar or lumbo-sacral or "lumbo sacral").tw. (94741)

25 (mulitfid* or paraspinal* or sacrospinal* or paraverteb* or sacroverteb*).tw. (7813)

26 or/22-25 (106201)

27 Electric Stimulation/ (113884)

28 Electric Stimulation Therapy/ (20642)

29 (electr* adj4 stimulat*).tw. (71535)

30 (neurostimulat* or neuromodulat*).tw. (16052)

31 ((implant* adj4 pulse adj4 generat*) or IPG).tw. (1390)

32 ((dorsal ramus or nerve*) adj4 stimulat*).tw. (35869)

33 (Multifid* adj4 contract*).tw. (35)

34 or/27-33 (189911)

35 21 and 26 (26961)

36 35 and 34 (462)

37 reactiv8.tw. (1)

38 36 or 37 (462)

39 Animals/ not Humans/ (4726676)

40 38 not 39 (381)

41 limit 40 to ed=20201126-20210731

Interventional procedure overview of neurostimulation of lumbar muscles for refractory non-specific chronic low back pain