References
Fleurence RL, Bian J, Wang X et al. (2025) Generative Artificial Intelligence for Health Technology Assessment: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Considerations: An ISPOR Working Group Report. Value in Health 28(2): 175–83.
Haji Ali Afzali H, Karnon J (2011) Addressing the challenge for well informed and consistent reimbursement decisions: the case for reference models. Pharmacoeconomics 29(10): 823–5.
Haji Ali Afzali H, Karnon J, Merlin T (2012) Improving the Accuracy and Comparability of Model-Based Economic Evaluations of Health Technologies for Reimbursement Decisions: A Methodological Framework for the Development of Reference Models. Medical Decision Making 33(3): 325–32.
Jin H, Tappenden P, Ling X et al. (2023) A systematic review of whole disease models for informing healthcare resource allocation decisions. PLoS One 18(9): e0291366.
Lord J, Willis S, Eatock P et al. (2013) Economic modelling of diagnostic and treatment pathways in National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical guidelines: the Modelling Algorithm Pathways in Guidelines (MAPGuide) project. Health Technology Assessment 17(58): v–vi, 1–192.
Reason T, Rawlinson W, Langham J et al. (2024) Artificial Intelligence to Automate Health Economic Modelling: A Case Study to Evaluate the Potential Application of Large Language Models. Pharmacoeconomics Open 8(2): 191–203.
Sampson CJ, Arnold R, Bryan S et al. (2019) Transparency in Decision Modelling: What, Why, Who and How? Pharmacoeconomics Open 37(11): 1355–69.
Wang J, Pouwels X, Ramaekers B et al. (2024) A Blueprint for Multi‑use Disease Modeling in Health Economics: Results from Two Expert‑Panel Consultations. Pharmacoeconomics 42(7): 797–810.
NICE guidance
-
Cabozantinib with nivolumab for untreated advanced renal cell carcinoma (2024) NICE technology appraisal guidance 964
-
NICE health technology evaluations: the manual (2022) NICE guideline PMG36 (accessed July 2025)
-
Adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, tocilizumab and abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis not previously treated with DMARDs or after conventional DMARDs only have failed (2016) NICE technology appraisal guidance 375
-
Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014) NICE guideline PMG20 (accessed July 2025)